Knowledge base · Decision evidence

Six questions the headline specification cannot answer.

3,463 of 3,463 published and reviewed-absence records name the source document behind them. The remaining 564 are recorded as open rather than filled in.

140 products52 brands486 product records4,048 criterion records717 documents

How to read a state

Published

The record carries a direct or derived source for the exact product.

2,770 criterion records

Reviewed absence

The exact document was checked and did not publish the qualifying detail. This is evidence of non-disclosure, not proof the capability is missing.

693 criterion records

Not applicable

The criterion is not a property of this product form.

21 criterion records

Open

The question is not established by any reviewed source.

564 criterion records

What the cohort publishes

01 · Outage operation

Backup behaviour

Separates a backup label from the published switching, output and grid-forming behaviour behind it.

Buying question
What continues operating, at what output, through which hardware, and under which phase and duration limits?
Evidence boundary
A published backup capability is not a site design. Protected circuits, phase balance, motor starts and network requirements remain installation-specific.
QuestionPublished shareEvidence states
Backup switching speed27 of 71 records publish this27Published4Reviewed absence0Not applicable40Open
Backup surge / motor-start capability34 of 69 records publish this34Published4Reviewed absence0Not applicable31Open
Continuous power output (kW)61 of 69 records publish this61Published3Reviewed absence0Not applicable5Open
Grid-forming & backup tier34 of 58 records publish this34Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable24Open
Backup / islanding44 of 45 records publish this44Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable1Open
Backup behaviour attributionNot a property of this product form0Published0Reviewed absence16Not applicable0Open
Backup device16 of 16 records publish this16Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Black start5 of 14 records publish this5Published9Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Backup phase boundary12 of 12 records publish this12Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Outage PV recharge4 of 11 records publish this4Published7Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Offline cloud boundary7 of 10 records publish this7Published3Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Backup boundary2 of 2 records publish this2Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Backup scope2 of 2 records publish this2Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Backup attribution1 of 1 records publish this1Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Backup output1 of 1 records publish this1Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Backup peak output (1 s)1 of 1 records publish this1Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Backup peak output (30 s)1 of 1 records publish this1Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Gateway backup limit0 of 1 records publish this0Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable1Open
Gateway backup scope1 of 1 records publish this1Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Gateway transfer time1 of 1 records publish this1Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Load-start capability1 of 1 records publish this1Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open

Open the 103 product records for backup behaviour

02 · Software and control

Digital ownership

Tracks local protocols, cloud services, firmware disclosure and connected-home control as separate operating dependencies.

Buying question
What still works locally if the internet, installer account or manufacturer cloud is unavailable?
Evidence boundary
An app is not evidence of local control. A protocol is credited only when its published scope reaches the exact product or named control layer.
QuestionPublished shareEvidence states
Firmware & security disclosure54 of 103 records publish this54Published14Reviewed absence0Not applicable35Open
Open protocol & API maturity48 of 103 records publish this48Published13Reviewed absence0Not applicable42Open
Smart home & IoT depth28 of 103 records publish this28Published23Reviewed absence0Not applicable52Open
VPP & grid services readiness42 of 103 records publish this42Published12Reviewed absence0Not applicable49Open
Control plane64 of 64 records publish this64Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Data handling boundary3 of 64 records publish this3Published61Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Local API23 of 64 records publish this23Published41Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Offline operation9 of 64 records publish this9Published55Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Subscription boundary3 of 64 records publish this3Published61Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Firmware and security evidence53 of 63 records publish this53Published10Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Firmware support horizon0 of 51 records publish this0Published51Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Monitoring & smart features45 of 45 records publish this45Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Commissioning29 of 29 records publish this29Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Cloud API13 of 21 records publish this13Published8Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Security disclosure0 of 2 records publish this0Published2Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Local access1 of 1 records publish this1Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open

Open the 103 product records for digital ownership

03 · Storage in operation

Battery behaviour

Reads capacity beside efficiency basis, power duration, thermal protection, cell disclosure and warranty degradation conditions.

Buying question
How much energy and power are usable, under what conditions, and what operating detail is withheld?
Evidence boundary
Published specifications are not independent field measurements. Where a source gives no test basis or duration, the record preserves that limitation.
QuestionPublished shareEvidence states
Cell balancing architecture6 of 58 records publish this6Published23Reviewed absence0Not applicable29Open
Cell provenance & traceability20 of 58 records publish this20Published19Reviewed absence0Not applicable19Open
Continuous power output (kW)53 of 58 records publish this53Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable5Open
Cycle life (cycles to 70%)10 of 58 records publish this10Published42Reviewed absence0Not applicable6Open
End-of-warranty retained capacity (%)56 of 58 records publish this56Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable2Open
Modularity & scalability58 of 58 records publish this58Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Operating temperature range55 of 58 records publish this55Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable3Open
Round-trip efficiency (%)14 of 58 records publish this14Published38Reviewed absence0Not applicable6Open
Thermal & fire mitigation50 of 58 records publish this50Published3Reviewed absence0Not applicable5Open
Usable energy / DoD (%)55 of 58 records publish this55Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable3Open
Verified reliability2 of 58 records publish this2Published35Reviewed absence0Not applicable21Open
Warranty degradation guarantee56 of 58 records publish this56Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable2Open
Warranty throughput54 of 58 records publish this54Published3Reviewed absence0Not applicable1Open
Standby consumption1 of 37 records publish this1Published36Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Exact configuration36 of 36 records publish this36Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Usable energy basis28 of 31 records publish this28Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable3Open
Power basis18 of 18 records publish this18Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Operating derating12 of 12 records publish this12Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Published cycle-life boundary11 of 11 records publish this11Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Cycle life endpoint0 of 9 records publish this0Published6Reviewed absence0Not applicable3Open
Round-trip efficiency (DC)7 of 7 records publish this7Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Cycle life basis5 of 5 records publish this5Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Round-trip efficiency path5 of 5 records publish this5Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
AC backup behaviourNot a property of this product form0Published0Reviewed absence3Not applicable0Open
Round-trip efficiency (AC)3 of 3 records publish this3Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Source access0 of 3 records publish this0Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable3Open
Exact model identity2 of 2 records publish this2Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Thermal management2 of 2 records publish this2Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Warranty performance1 of 2 records publish this1Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable1Open
Capacity and power boundary1 of 1 records publish this1Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Capacity identity boundary1 of 1 records publish this1Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Evidence correction0 of 1 records publish this0Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable1Open
Minimum configuration0 of 1 records publish this0Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable1Open
Product identity0 of 1 records publish this0Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable1Open
UL 9540A status0 of 1 records publish this0Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable1Open
Usable energy correction0 of 1 records publish this0Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable1Open

Open the 58 product records for battery behaviour

04 · Electrical operating limits

Inverter operating envelope

Keeps conversion efficiency, MPPT architecture, input-current limits, array headroom and thermal derating on their published measurement boundaries.

Buying question
Which electrical and temperature limits apply to this exact inverter, and which numbers describe a different architecture or timed operating mode?
Evidence boundary
These are product limits, not an array design or equipment-pairing approval. String voltage, current, protection, network and site conditions remain design-specific.
QuestionPublished shareEvidence states
Max DC:AC oversizing ratio42 of 45 records publish this42Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable3Open
Max input current per MPPT (A)44 of 45 records publish this44Published0Reviewed absence1Not applicable0Open
Number of MPPTs44 of 45 records publish this44Published0Reviewed absence1Not applicable0Open
Operating temperature range45 of 45 records publish this45Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Peak efficiency (%)43 of 45 records publish this43Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable2Open
Thermal management44 of 45 records publish this44Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable1Open
Weighted efficiency (CEC/Euro %)42 of 45 records publish this42Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable3Open
Electrical architecture36 of 36 records publish this36Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
MPPT voltage window1 of 1 records publish this1Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Output overload boundary1 of 1 records publish this1Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Short-circuit current limit1 of 1 records publish this1Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Thermal derating1 of 1 records publish this1Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open

Open the 45 product records for inverter operating envelope

05 · Environmental resilience

Panel durability

Separates exact-series environmental and reliability evidence from generic certification or brand-level claims.

Buying question
Which stress tests, loads and independent observations explicitly include the exact module family?
Evidence boundary
Passing a qualification test does not predict every installation. Generic brand certificates are not assigned to a model unless their published scope includes it.
QuestionPublished shareEvidence states
Ammonia resistance (IEC 62716)14 of 37 records publish this14Published8Reviewed absence0Not applicable15Open
Carbon footprint / EPD10 of 37 records publish this10Published11Reviewed absence0Not applicable16Open
Damp heat extended (2000h)0 of 37 records publish this0Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable37Open
Fire classification (IEC 61730)29 of 37 records publish this29Published1Reviewed absence0Not applicable7Open
Hail resistance23 of 37 records publish this23Published1Reviewed absence0Not applicable13Open
Independent energy yield24 of 37 records publish this24Published13Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Negative loading (MQT16, Pa)35 of 37 records publish this35Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable2Open
PID (IEC TS 62804)13 of 37 records publish this13Published9Reviewed absence0Not applicable15Open
Positive loading (MQT16, Pa)35 of 37 records publish this35Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable2Open
Salt mist (IEC 61701)16 of 37 records publish this16Published7Reviewed absence0Not applicable14Open
Verified reliability6 of 37 records publish this6Published17Reviewed absence0Not applicable14Open
Exact-family evidence gaps0 of 22 records publish this0Published22Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Mechanical load21 of 21 records publish this21Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Salt mist and ammonia3 of 6 records publish this3Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable3Open
Reliability qualification3 of 4 records publish this3Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable1Open
PID, salt mist and ammonia3 of 3 records publish this3Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Damp heat and thermal cycling1 of 1 records publish this1Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Fire qualification0 of 1 records publish this0Published1Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Product carbon claim1 of 1 records publish this1Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open

Open the 37 product records for panel durability

06 · Australian warranty pathway

Service reality

Reads the warranty term beside remedy, labour, freight, removal, registration and transfer conditions for Australia.

Buying question
Who must act, what costs remain with the owner, and what does the governing Australian document actually promise?
Evidence boundary
Warranty wording does not measure actual service quality, response time or replacement-stock availability unless those commitments are expressly published.
QuestionPublished shareEvidence states
Labour137 of 140 records publish this137Published2Reviewed absence0Not applicable1Open
Registration conditions136 of 140 records publish this136Published3Reviewed absence0Not applicable1Open
Remedy137 of 140 records publish this137Published2Reviewed absence0Not applicable1Open
Removal and reinstallation137 of 140 records publish this137Published2Reviewed absence0Not applicable1Open
Transferability135 of 140 records publish this135Published4Reviewed absence0Not applicable1Open
Transport and freight137 of 140 records publish this137Published2Reviewed absence0Not applicable1Open
Direct claim route11 of 11 records publish this11Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Support response target11 of 11 records publish this11Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Conditional service rebate7 of 7 records publish this7Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Service rebate payment target7 of 7 records publish this7Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Service rebate schedule0 of 7 records publish this0Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable7Open
Replacement dispatch target6 of 6 records publish this6Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Discontinuation notice5 of 5 records publish this5Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Governing warranty4 of 5 records publish this4Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable1Open
Post-warranty spare parts5 of 5 records publish this5Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Post-warranty service4 of 4 records publish this4Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Warranty counterparty1 of 4 records publish this1Published1Reviewed absence0Not applicable2Open
AU approval window3 of 3 records publish this3Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Service address0 of 3 records publish this0Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable3Open
Conditional labour reimbursement2 of 2 records publish this2Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Replacement condition2 of 2 records publish this2Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Support availability2 of 2 records publish this2Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Uncollected repair condition2 of 2 records publish this2Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Australian service entities1 of 1 records publish this1Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Conditional test freight1 of 1 records publish this1Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Discontinued product remedy1 of 1 records publish this1Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Document conflict1 of 1 records publish this1Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Exact AU model set1 of 1 records publish this1Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Manufacturer table conflict1 of 1 records publish this1Published0Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open
Warranty claim route0 of 1 records publish this0Published1Reviewed absence0Not applicable0Open

Open the 140 product records for service reality

The research contract

01

Exact scope

Product, model family, market and document scope must align before a claim is attached.

02

Primary evidence

Manufacturer manuals, governing warranty terms, certification bodies and regulators lead the record.

03

No system approval

Product behaviour does not establish array design, equipment selection, network acceptance or installation compliance.

A missing disclosure is recorded, not repaired with an assumption. New products and stronger documents update this page on the next benchmark build.