Knowledge base · Product architecture

What are you buying?

Solar modules, inverters and batteries perform different jobs. Architecture shows where generation, conversion and storage sit before a score or sales bundle enters the decision.

324 products classified4 inverter architectures3 battery couplings10 module technologies

One energy flow, three product records

Generation, conversion and storage should not be collapsed into one claim.

01 GENERATIONLIGHT BECOMES DCDC02 CONVERSIONPOWER ELECTRONICSDC AND AC CONTROLLEDACUSEHOME AND GRID03 STORAGESTORED AND RELEASED · COUPLED ON THE DC OR THE AC SIDE

An all-in-one product can package conversion and storage together. A DC-coupled battery leaves conversion elsewhere. A microinverter moves conversion to the roof. These are purchasing architectures, not quality rankings.

Power conversion

Inverter architectures

The inverter is the control plane of most modern residential systems, but the exact scope varies.

01

Solar-only string inverter

Converts PV string DC into grid-connected AC.

PV STRINGDCINVERTERMPPT · DC→ACACHOMEGRIDPRODUCT RECORDNO NATIVE BATTERY PATH RECORDED
Storage boundary
No native battery conversion path is recorded for the product.
Buying question
Best understood as the solar conversion layer, with storage treated as a separate future decision.
02

Battery-ready inverter

Converts solar DC to AC and exposes a documented storage pathway, often through additional equipment.

PV STRINGDCINVERTERSTORAGE PATHACHOMEGRIDPRODUCT RECORDSEPARATE PURCHASE · MAY NEED EQUIPMENT
Storage boundary
Battery hardware is separate and may require an added controller or interface.
Buying question
Confirm what battery functionality is present now and what remains optional hardware or commissioning work.
03

Hybrid inverter

Manages PV, battery DC and household AC through the inverter platform.

PV STRINGDCHYBRIDPV · BATT · ACACHOMEBACKUPPRODUCT RECORDDCBATTERY · SEPARATE PRODUCT RECORD
Storage boundary
The battery remains a separate product even when it belongs to the same branded platform.
Buying question
Compare phase, MPPTs, output, backup boundary, monitoring and warranty before considering installation design.
04

Microinverter

Converts DC to AC at each solar module rather than at one central string inverter.

DC→AC AT EACH MODULEPRODUCT RECORDAC BUSHOMEGRIDSTORAGE, WHEN USED, SITS ELSEWHERE
Storage boundary
Storage, when used, sits elsewhere in the energy platform.
Buying question
Compare module-level conversion, monitoring, roof complexity, service model and warranty evidence.
Energy storage

Battery architectures

Coupling describes where conversion occurs. It does not determine battery quality or approve an installation.

01

DC-coupled battery

Stores DC energy and relies on system power electronics outside the battery product for household AC.

PV STRINGDCINVERTERSEPARATEACHOMEGRIDDCPRODUCT RECORD · STACK + BMS
Product boundary
The published battery record covers the storage stack, controller and stated capacity range.
Buying question
Compare usable capacity, voltage class, modular limits, chemistry and battery warranty without treating the battery as the inverter.
02

AC-coupled battery

Includes battery-side power conversion and connects on the household AC side.

PV STRINGPV INVACHOMEGRIDAC↔DCPRODUCT RECORD · OWN CONVERSION
Product boundary
The battery product includes its own conversion stage, while site isolation and backup controls may remain separate.
Buying question
Compare conversion losses, retrofit value, output, gateway requirements and warranty scope.
03

All-in-one energy system

Presents storage and power conversion as one integrated product or product platform.

PV STRINGDCCONVERSIONMPPT · DC→ACACHOMEBACKUPPRODUCT RECORD · ONE PLATFORMCHECK WHAT THE PACKAGE INCLUDES
Product boundary
Battery modules, inverter functions and controls are packaged as one purchasing architecture.
Buying question
Compare what is included, phase, output, expansion limits, backup hardware and service responsibility.
Inside the module

Cell architectures

One level below the module: where the contacts sit and what the junction is made of. Structure only. None of this ranks a cell or predicts a yield.

01

TOPCon

An n-type wafer with a very thin tunnel oxide and a doped poly-silicon layer behind the rear contact, so the contact passivates the surface instead of degrading it.

58 live records on this benchmark

FRONT GRID + ARCn-TYPE Si WAFERTUNNEL OXIDE + POLY-SiFULL REAR METALMETAL ON BOTH FACES
Contacts
Metal on both faces
Buying question
Ask which bin the quoted model is, and whether the certificate and warranty documents name that exact bin rather than the family.
02

Heterojunction (HJT)

A crystalline wafer sandwiched between thin amorphous silicon films that passivate both surfaces, with transparent conductive oxide and a grid on each face.

6 live records on this benchmark

TCO + FRONT GRIDn-TYPE Si WAFERa-Si:H FILMS, BOTH SIDESREAR GRID, NOT SEALEDSYMMETRIC STACK
Contacts
Metal on both faces, symmetric
Buying question
Ask what the temperature coefficient and rear-side evidence say on the exact datasheet, and whether the warranty document covers the same revision.
03

Back contact

Both contact polarities are interdigitated across the rear, so the front face carries no metal at all. Several vendor names share the rear-contact arrangement; the implementations behind them do not.

12 live records on this benchmark

NO FRONT METALn-TYPE Si WAFERBOTH POLARITIES, REARBACKSHEET OR GLASSALL CONTACTS ON THE BACK
Contacts
All contacts on the rear
Buying question
Ask which vendor naming is on the certificate, since the architecture is shared but the exact model identity is what a warranty and an approval listing attach to.
04

Perovskite-silicon tandem

Two stacked junctions divide the spectrum: a wide-bandgap perovskite cell over a silicon cell, joined by a recombination layer.

2 live records on this benchmark

TRANSPARENT CONTACTPEROVSKITE TOP CELLSILICON BOTTOM CELLREAR CONTACTTWO JUNCTIONS, ONE STACK
Contacts
Metal on both faces, two junctions
Buying question
Ask what is contractually warranted rather than reported from internal testing, and over what term. This is the newest architecture on the benchmark.

Cell architecture is a manufacturing choice, not a score. Two modules built the same way can sit far apart on this benchmark: the widest gap inside a single architecture here is 29 points, among Heterojunction (HJT) records. The scored record is always the exact model, never the family.

Australian priority cohort

See the architecture before the score

Ten purchase-priority, buyer-ready records per category. Ranking remains inside each product's scoring class.

10 records
ProductArchitecturePublished rangePhaseScore
SH10RS Single-Phase HybridSungrow · AU priority 1Hybrid inverterWhole-home capability recorded10 kWSingle phase83/ 100
Verto PlusFronius · AU priority 1Hybrid inverterWhole-home capability recorded15–33.3 kWThree phase82/ 100
SH5T / SH10T Three-PhaseSungrow · AU priority 1Hybrid inverterWhole-home capability recorded5–10 kWThree phase81/ 100
SH5.0/6.0RSSungrow · AU priority 1Hybrid inverterEssential-load capability recorded5–6 kWSingle phase78/ 100
HIT L G3Hoymiles · AU priority 1Hybrid inverterEssential-load capability recorded12–20 kWThree phase77/ 100
ESA G20 Power ModuleGoodWe · AU priority 1Hybrid inverterWhole-home capability recorded3–9.999 kWSingle phase76/ 100
ASW H-S2Solplanet · AU priority 1Hybrid inverterEssential-load capability recorded3–6 kWSingle phase71/ 100
DNS G4GoodWe · AU priority 1Solar-only string inverterNo native backup recorded3–6 kWSingle phase69/ 100
SG RSSungrow · AU priority 1Solar-only string inverterNo native backup recorded5–10 kWSingle phase68/ 100
IQ9N-A MicroinverterEnphase · AU priority 1MicroinverterNot recorded0.427 kWSingle phase63/ 100

Architecture describes where conversion and storage functions sit. It does not establish site suitability, an equipment pairing, installation design or network approval.

Continue the decision

Compare within the right architecture, then return to the exact quote.

Compare products Check model identities Australian buyer guide

Architecture classification comes from the curated product identity and source-backed specification records. It remains separate from site design, price, network approval and installer acceptance.